![]() J Biomech 19:473–473īiewener AA, Thomason J, Lanyon LE (1983) Mechanics of locomotion and jumping in the forelimb of the horse ( Equus): in vivo stress developed in the radius and metacarpus. J Morphol 225:61–75īiewener AA, Taylor CR (1986a) Bone strain: a determinant of gait and speed? J Exp Biol 123:383–400īiewener AA, Taylor CR (1986b) Bone stress-a determinant of top speed. J Exp Biol 213:1651–1658īiewener AA (1982) Bone strength in small mammals and bipedal birds-do safety factors change with body size? J Exp Biol 98:289–301īiewener AA, Dial KP (1995) In vivo strain in the humerus of pigeons ( Columba livia) during flight. McGraw-Hill Science, New Yorkīerg AM, Biewener AA (2010) Wing and body kinematics of takeoff and landing flight in the pigeon ( Columba livia). Front Zool 4:23–38īeer F, Johnston ER, DeWolf JT, Mazurek DF (2006) Mechanics of materials. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxfordīachmann T, Klän S, Klän S, Baumgartner W, Klaas M, Schröder W, Wagner H (2007) Morphometric characterisation of wing feathers of the barn owl Tyto alba pratincola and the pigeon Columba livia domestic. Furthermore, the bones of the arm and shoulder girdle were strongest in peregrine falcons.Īlexander RM (1983) Animal mechanics. peregrinus, indicating again a larger overall stability of these bones. The mineral densities of the humerus, radius, ulna, and sternum were highest in F. peregrinus had the highest second moment of area. The midshaft cross section of the humerus of F. peregrinus than in the other three species investigated. The normalized bone mass of the entire arm skeleton and the shoulder girdle (coracoid, scapula, furcula) was significantly higher in F. For comparison, we also investigated the corresponding bones in European kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus), sparrow hawks ( Accipiter nisus) and pigeons ( Columba livia domestica). Since the bones of the wings and the shoulder girdle of a diving peregrine falcon experience large mechanical forces, we investigated these bones. ![]() Our computational fluid dynamics simulations show that the forces that pull on the wings of a diving peregrine can reach up to three times the falcon’s body mass at a stoop velocity of 80 m s − 1 (288 km h − 1). During a dive, peregrine falcons ( Falco peregrinus) can reach a velocity of up to 320 km h − 1.
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